Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide, with millions of new cases reported each year. It develops when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in lung tissue, forming tumors that may be malignant. Lung cancer is classified into two main types:
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Represents the majority of cases.
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): Known for its rapid spread.
Causes of Lung Cancer
According to Dr. Arafat Tufail, oncology specialist at the American University Medical Center in Beirut:
Smoking: The leading cause of around 90% of lung cancer cases, including cigarettes, hookah, cigars, e-cigarettes, and other tobacco products.
Exposure to Carcinogens: Such as asbestos and toxic gases.
Environmental Pollution: Especially diesel exhaust and secondhand smoke.
Genetic Factors: May contribute to the disease in non-smokers.
In Lebanon
Lebanon has the highest lung cancer rate among women and the second highest among men in the MENA region.
Lung cancer accounts for over 9% of new cancer cases, second only to breast cancer.
Incidence increases with age but is rising across all age groups due to smoking and air pollution.
Symptoms of Lung Cancer
Early stages of lung cancer often show no clear symptoms. Common signs include:
Persistent cough that gradually worsens.
Frequent phlegm.
Shortness of breath.
Unexplained weight loss.
Because early symptoms are subtle, lung cancer is often diagnosed at advanced stages (Stage III or IV).
Early Detection
The Low-Dose CT Scan (LDCT) is recommended for smokers over 50–55 years old. This scan can detect lung cancer in its early stages. Early detection should be part of a comprehensive program including smoking cessation, education, and medical guidance.
Smoking exposure is calculated as: number of packs per day × years of smoking.
Treatment Options
1. Surgery
Removes part or all of the affected lung depending on tumor size and location.
Most common treatment in early stages.
2. Radiation Therapy
Used to reduce the risk of recurrence post-surgery or as primary treatment when surgery is not possible.
3. Chemotherapy
Administered in cases where cancer may have spread or to shrink tumors before other treatments.
4. Targeted Therapy
Specifically attacks cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue, improving survival rates.
5. Immunotherapy
Stimulates the immune system to fight cancer cells.
Studies show that early-stage lung cancer has a significantly higher chance of cure, making regular screening and awareness critically important.
Prevention
Quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke.
Reduce exposure to environmental pollutants and carcinogens.
High-risk individuals, especially older smokers, should undergo regular screening.
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