Fluid retention affects about three-quarters of pregnant women, causing mild swelling in the feet and ankles. It usually starts between weeks 22 and 27 of pregnancy and often continues until delivery. This swelling is normal and usually does not harm the mother, but excessive swelling could be a sign of a serious condition like preeclampsia, which requires medical attention, especially if accompanied by rapid weight gain or high blood pressure.
What is Fluid Retention?
Fluid retention, also called edema, is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body’s tissues, leading to swelling. It commonly affects the legs, feet, ankles, face, abdomen, arms, and hands. About 80% of pregnant women experience some swelling in the last trimester, adding to the physical burden of pregnancy.
Causes of Fluid Retention During Pregnancy
- Hormonal Changes: Pregnancy hormones can cause the body to retain more water.
- Increased Body Fluids: Blood volume and bodily fluids increase to support the growing fetus, leading to fluid buildup in tissues.
- Pressure from the Enlarged Uterus: The uterus presses on pelvic veins, slowing blood flow and fluid return from the lower limbs.
- Underlying Medical Conditions: Heart failure, kidney problems (such as acute or chronic renal failure), liver diseases (affecting protein production and blood vessel pressure), endocrine disorders (like hypothyroidism and high cortisol), and chronic lung diseases can cause or worsen fluid retention.
When to Be Concerned
Excessive swelling may indicate preeclampsia if accompanied by high blood pressure, rapid weight gain, and protein in the urine. Symptoms like headache, nausea, or pain with swelling require prompt medical evaluation.
Tips to Reduce Fluid Retention
- Do not reduce water intake; staying hydrated helps flush excess sodium and fluids.
- Avoid prolonged standing or sitting; move and walk regularly.
- Elevate your legs when sitting to help fluid return.
- Take cool showers several times daily.
- Reduce salt intake moderately while increasing potassium-rich foods like fruits and vegetables.
- Sleep on your left side to improve kidney function and waste elimination.
- Engage in pregnancy-safe exercises like walking or swimming (with doctor’s approval).
- Avoid tight socks or stockings to allow good blood and fluid flow.
- Wear comfortable shoes to reduce foot pain and back strain.
- Aim for 8-10 cups of water daily to help reduce swelling.
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