Sinusitis is the inflammation or swelling of the tissues lining the sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located within the bones of the face and skull. It is usually caused by viral infections (such as the common cold), but can also result from bacteria, allergies, or other factors. The most common symptoms include nasal congestion or blockage, headache, and facial pressure.
Types of Sinusitis
According to Médecin Direct, sinusitis can be categorized into three main types:
1. Acute Sinusitis
Often caused by a virus or bacteria.
Can occur through the nose after pharyngitis or through dental issues, such as abscesses or tooth decay.
Inflammation occurs when mucus accumulates in the sinuses and is not cleared, leading to infection and acute sinusitis.
2. Chronic Sinusitis
Unlike acute sinusitis, chronic sinusitis involves recurrent or persistent inflammation.
Anatomical issues, such as a deviated septum, can contribute to chronic sinusitis by blocking sinus drainage.
3. Allergic Sinusitis
Caused by an allergic reaction rather than bacteria or viruses.
Swelling of the sinus membranes obstructs mucus flow, leading to sinus inflammation.
Symptoms of Sinusitis
Sinusitis symptoms are usually caused by mucus buildup and bacterial growth in the sinuses, according to Vidal:
Facial pain or pressure (especially around the cheeks)
Nasal congestion
Clear nasal discharge, sometimes accompanied by headache or fever
In secondary infections, additional symptoms may include:
Pressure or throbbing in the sinuses, worse when bending forward
Pain aggravated by coughing, movement, or exertion, often more severe in the late afternoon or at night
Reduced sense of smell and possible pus discharge from the nose (often one nostril is more affected)
Sneezing
Cough with phlegm, bad breath, difficulty swallowing, and sensitivity to bright light (in acute cases)
Complications
If left untreated, sinusitis may become chronic. Severe cases, especially involving the frontal, sphenoid, or ethmoid sinuses, can spread infection to:
Surrounding bones
Eyes
Meninges (the membranes around the brain)
Brain itself or the bloodstream (sepsis)
Anyone experiencing sudden sinus pain or vision problems should seek medical attention immediately.
Causes of Sinusitis
Bacterial infections: Can spread through direct contact with an infected person or indirectly via contaminated objects.
Viral infections: Common in cold seasons; untreated viral infections can develop into sinusitis.
Allergies: Exposure to allergens can inflame the sinus lining, causing congestion and postnasal drip.
Nasal polyps: Soft growths in the nasal passages or sinuses that can block airflow.
Deviated septum: Narrowing of the nasal cavity due to congenital, traumatic, or genetic factors can increase sinusitis risk.
Environmental factors: Airborne pollutants or irritants (chemicals, cleaners, toxic substances) can inflame the sinuses.
Risk Factors
Smoking (any form)
Weakened immune system
Fungal infections
High humidity
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