COVID-19 and Autism Risk in Newborns: What We Know So Far

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, millions of people have been affected, and researchers continue to study its long-term consequences—especially for pregnant women. Some recent studies suggest that maternal infection with COVID-19 during pregnancy may increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), in newborns, particularly in boys.

However, scientists emphasize that these findings are preliminary and still under investigation. There is no need for undue anxiety, but caution and preventive measures during pregnancy remain important.

COVID-19 and Neurodevelopment in Newborns

Researchers from Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital conducted a large study involving more than 18,000 births during the pandemic, published in JAMA Network Open.

The study examined how maternal COVID-19 infection affects newborns. The key finding was that male infants born to mothers who had COVID-19 during pregnancy were more likely to be diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders in their first year compared to infants whose mothers were not infected.

• Out of 883 infants exposed to maternal infection, 26 developed neurodevelopmental issues, with males showing higher susceptibility than females.

• Dr. Andrea Edlow, a co-author, noted: “These results suggest that males may be more sensitive to the effects of viral infections during pregnancy, but more follow-up is needed to understand the full picture.”

The researchers stress that these are early results, and long-term studies are necessary to determine whether these disorders are temporary or persist as the child grows.

How Could COVID-19 Affect the Fetal Brain?

A study published in Frontiers in Immunology by Dr. Bulent Kara from Ankara University explored how maternal COVID-19 infection could impact the fetal brain:

1. Immune Response

When a pregnant woman contracts a virus like COVID-19, her immune system produces large amounts of inflammatory molecules called cytokines. These help fight the infection but can sometimes influence the developing fetal brain.

2. Fetal Brain Sensitivity

Fetal brain cells, called microglia, are highly sensitive to these changes. Excessive inflammation may interfere with the normal development of neural connections.

Previously, studies on other viral infections during pregnancy (e.g., influenza or Zika) also suggested a potential link to autism risk, but not all viral infections carry the same risk. Severe infections with strong inflammatory responses are more likely to have an impact.

Does Maternal COVID-19 Guarantee Autism in Children?

• The answer is no. Most studies indicate that maternal infection does not necessarily lead to autism in offspring.

• Some recent studies have found no significant difference in autism screening results between children born to infected and non-infected mothers.

• Multiple factors influence fetal development, including maternal obesity, diabetes, preterm birth, and psychological stress.

• Current studies have limited sample sizes, and follow-up periods are relatively short, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions.

Dr. Edlow emphasizes: “It is important to continue monitoring children born during the pandemic for several years, as some disorders may appear later in development.”

Key Takeaways for Expectant Mothers

1. Most pregnant women with COVID-19 delivered healthy babies.

2. Close monitoring during pregnancy is essential, especially if there is any viral infection. Regular check-ups help track fetal growth and health.

3. Follow-up should continue after birth, particularly during the child’s first year.

4. Vaccination during pregnancy is recommended. Studies show that it protects the mother and passes antibodies to the fetus, providing added protection after birth.