Gum Inflammation: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment

If left untreated, gum inflammation (gingivitis) can lead to loose teeth and even tooth loss.

This condition is primarily caused by the buildup of plaque on the teeth, which allows bacteria to multiply in the mouth. The severity of inflammation varies depending on the types of oral bacteria — which differ from one person to another.

Gum inflammation tends to worsen when oral hygiene is neglected. Therefore, early diagnosis by a dentist and timely treatment are essential.

Below are the key details you need to know.

Symptoms of Gum Disease

According to the National Health Service (NHS), the following symptoms may indicate gum disease and should prompt a visit to your dentist:

Bleeding gums while brushing, flossing, or eating hard foods.
Red, swollen, or tender gums.

In more advanced stages, gum disease may also cause:

Persistent bad breath or an unpleasant taste in the mouth.
Gum recession (when gums pull away from the teeth).
Loose or shifting teeth.
Tooth loss.

Understanding Gingivitis

Gingivitis is one of the most common signs of gum disease. It can occur for several reasons, including infection, hormonal changes, or vitamin deficiencies, according to the Cleveland Clinic.

When gums are inflamed, they may appear red or purplish due to increased blood flow. The surface of the gums often looks shiny or smooth, and they may bleed easily.

Gingivitis can also develop from conditions such as:

Food particles trapped in the gums (like popcorn husks or hard foods).
Dental abscesses.
Periodontitis (advanced gum disease).
Acute gum infections.
Viral or bacterial infections of the mouth.
Ill-fitting dentures or braces.
Tooth decay or root fractures.

Other Underlying Causes of Gum Inflammation

Gum inflammation may also be linked to broader systemic health conditions or external factors, including:

Side effects of certain medications.
Viral infections such as oral herpes or HIV.
Fungal infections like oral thrush.
Vitamin deficiencies, particularly Vitamin B12 and Vitamin C.
Uncontrolled diabetes.
Hormonal changes during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause.
Blood cancers such as leukemia.
Smoking, in all its forms.

What to Do If You Have Gum Problems

While waiting for your dental appointment, you can follow these essential steps to relieve discomfort and prevent the condition from worsening:

Rinse with salt water to reduce pain and inflammation.
Brush your teeth properly twice a day using a soft-bristled brush.
Floss once daily, preferably before bedtime.
Clean your tongue to remove bacteria and improve breath.
Maintain a balanced diet, rich in fruits and vegetables to ensure adequate vitamin C intake.
Avoid irritating foods and drinks, such as:
- Carbonated beverages
- Acidic or spicy foods
- Caffeine
Address mouth-breathing issues, as they can dry the mouth and worsen gum problems.

Treatment and Professional Care

Treating gingivitis is crucial to prevent more serious complications, such as periodontitis — a condition that affects the tissues supporting the teeth. Periodontitis often develops silently and becomes noticeable only in its advanced stages, when damage is more severe.

If left untreated, periodontitis can cause tooth mobility or tooth loss. Although dental professionals can help stabilize the teeth, lifelong follow-up and care are usually required.

To restore gum health, dentists typically recommend:

Professional deep cleaning techniques (such as scaling and root planing).
Specific oral care products for sensitive gums.
Guidance on proper brushing and flossing methods.

In more advanced cases, immediate professional treatment is necessary to stop the progression of the disease and protect both teeth and gums.