Adolescence: Definition and Stages

There are many different opinions regarding the definition of adolescence. Generally, there are two main concepts: one commonly known among people, and another defined by psychologists. Psychologists have also divided adolescence into several stages because this phase does not end overnight. Parents must follow certain rules and standards to support and guide their children effectively during this period.

Definition of Adolescence in Psychology

Adolescence is the stage that transitions an individual from childhood to adulthood. During this period, a range of physical and psychological changes occurs, including bodily, mental, and social development. This stage transforms a girl into a woman and a boy into a man.

Unlike the slow changes seen in childhood or adulthood, changes during adolescence are rapid. Physical growth is the most noticeable, with sexual development being the primary aspect of physical growth.

Physical Changes

• Development of reproductive organs

• Growth of glands

• Voice changes: females develop a softer voice, males develop a deeper, stronger voice

• Growth of body hair in specific areas

Common Understanding of Adolescence

The common perception of adolescence describes it as the most difficult stage of life, characterized by frustration, depression, headaches, and high psychological tension. This view sees adolescence as a period full of psychological crises and difficulties in adjusting with those around the adolescent.

This definition gained traction in some American studies involving 54,000 adolescents evaluated by psychologists, which suggested that most were experiencing mental disturbances, except for about 3%. Consequently, this concept became widely accepted among the public and educators.

However, many psychologists reject this definition because it can undermine adolescents’ confidence. For example, Margaret criticized it, stating:

"Adolescence is a normal growth phase. As long as growth occurs naturally, the adolescent does not experience crises. In primitive societies that rely on hunting, gathering, or limited agriculture, adolescence virtually disappears, and individuals transition directly from childhood to adulthood after a traditional celebration."

Stages of Adolescence

The age range of adolescence may vary between countries, but most agree it begins around 11 years old and ends around 21 years old. Accordingly, adolescence is divided into three stages:

1. Early Adolescence (11–14 years)

• Characterized by rapid and obvious biological changes in the body

2. Middle Adolescence (14–18 years)

• Completion of biological changes

• Adolescents start to develop more independence in thought and behavior

3. Late Adolescence (18–21 years)

• Adolescents reach maturity in appearance and behavior

• They develop a more stable sense of identity and decision-making ability