Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Children: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) occurs when germs, bacteria, or viruses attack your child’s respiratory system, causing inflammation in the airways. This leads to symptoms such as sore throat, coughing with phlegm, fever, and chills.

Air pollution can also trigger respiratory infections, especially in children with weak immune systems or underlying medical conditions.

If left untreated, ARI may develop into pneumonia or other lung infections — and in severe cases, it can be life-threatening.

According to Health.com, here are the main causes, symptoms, complications, and treatments for acute respiratory infections in children.

Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection in Children

ARI can affect children and infants alike. Common symptoms in infants include a productive (phlegmy) cough and rapid breathing.

Other noticeable symptoms may include:

• Sneezing

• Sore throat

• Nasal congestion or runny nose

• Fever

• Red or watery eyes

• Vomiting or diarrhea

If your child shows any of these symptoms, especially labored breathing or persistent fever, consult your pediatrician promptly.

Treatment for Acute Respiratory Infections in Children

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. A pediatrician will first examine the child to determine whether the infection is viral or bacterial.

• If viral, only symptomatic treatment is needed.

• If bacterial, antibiotics may be prescribed.

In addition, parents can follow these home care tips to ease symptoms and help their child recover faster:

1. Use Nasal Drops or a Saline Spray

Children with ARI often have a blocked nose due to excess mucus. Saline drops or sprays can help clear the nasal passages and make breathing easier.

2. Apply Baby Balm

A gentle baby balm or vapor rub can help warm the chest area and ease breathing, especially when congestion worsens during sleep.

3. Keep Your Child Hydrated

Children with viral infections often experience mild symptoms but may refuse food. Offer plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration, which can make airways more sensitive.

4. Provide Nutritious Food

Encourage a balanced diet during illness. Avoid junk food, sugary snacks, sour foods, and cold items, as these can irritate the respiratory tract.

5. Use a Humidifier or Air Purifier

A HEPA air filter or humidifier can help maintain healthy indoor air. Keep humidity levels moderate — excessive moisture can promote bacterial growth.

6. Use Essential Oils Carefully

Some studies suggest that diffusing essential oils can ease breathing, but they should only be used in well-ventilated rooms for 3–4 hours daily and never directly around infants.

7. Ensure Rest and Comfort

Provide plenty of rest and reassurance. Hold or cuddle your child to help them feel secure. If your child shows breathing difficulties or fever, seek medical evaluation promptly.

8. Limit Contact with Others

Even if symptoms are mild, keep your child at home to recover fully and prevent spreading the infection. Avoid travel, social gatherings, and crowded places.

Possible Complications of ARI in Children

If pneumonia is caused by bacteria, it requires immediate antibiotic treatment. Some children may need hospitalization.

Possible complications include:

• Respiratory failure: The lungs fail to provide enough oxygen — especially risky for premature infants or very young babies.

• Dehydration: If the child cannot drink enough fluids.

• Other infections: Such as ear infections, sinusitis, or throat infections.

Prevention Tips

• Limit outdoor activities and keep windows closed when air pollution levels are high.

• Use an indoor air purifier.

• Avoid exposure to cigarette smoke or other pollutants.

• Have your child wear a mask on days with high air pollution.

• Consult a doctor immediately if your child shows any signs of respiratory distress.