Each year, on July 28th, the world observes World Hepatitis Day—a day dedicated to raising awareness about this silent disease that affects millions globally and causes over one million deaths annually. The theme for this year is "It’s Time to Act," with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Hepatitis Alliance launching extensive campaigns to urge governments and communities to take urgent steps towards prevention and treatment.
What is Hepatitis?
Hepatitis, particularly Hepatitis B and C, poses a serious health threat. Often, symptoms don’t appear until the later stages when the liver is severely damaged. According to the Pan American Health Organization, around 80,000 new cases of Hepatitis B and C occur annually in the Americas, with most going undiagnosed. As a result, more than 100,000 deaths occur every year in this region alone.
Signs of Hepatitis
Hepatitis can be hidden in its early stages, often showing no noticeable symptoms immediately. However, when symptoms do appear, they can include:
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Diarrhea
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General fatigue
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Weakness or discomfort
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Fever (especially in viral infections)
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Nausea or loss of appetite
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Pain in the upper right side of the abdomen
In cases of chronic hepatitis, which causes deeper liver damage, additional symptoms might include:
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Confusion or difficulty concentrating
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Dark urine and pale-colored stools
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Severe itching
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Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
Causes of Hepatitis
Hepatitis can result from several causes, with viral infections being the most common. Other causes include:
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Health conditions that negatively affect the liver.
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Exposure to toxins.
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Certain medications and chemicals.
How is Hepatitis Transmitted?
The transmission of hepatitis viruses varies based on the type, with the following being common means of transmission:
1. Body Fluids
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Hepatitis B can be transmitted through saliva, semen, and vaginal fluids, often during intimate contact with an infected person. Vertical transmission (from mother to child during birth) can also occur.
2. Contaminated Blood
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Hepatitis B, C, and D can be transmitted through contact with contaminated blood, which makes it crucial to sterilize any personal tools and avoid sharing items.
3. Food Poisoning
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Hepatitis A and E can be contracted by eating contaminated food or drinking polluted water.
Are There Treatments for Hepatitis?
The good news is that effective treatments are available:
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Hepatitis C can be completely cured with safe oral medications.
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Hepatitis B can be effectively managed with medication.
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Vaccines are available for Hepatitis A and B, including a vaccine for newborns that can prevent 95% of infections.
Despite this, the WHO reports that more than 80% of those infected are unaware of their condition. This remains one of the major challenges in combating hepatitis.
Challenges in Combating Hepatitis
The World Health Organization identifies several barriers that hinder efforts to control hepatitis, including:
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Lack of awareness.
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Widespread myths.
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Stigma surrounding those affected.
These psychological and social barriers prevent people from seeking diagnosis and treatment and also lead to the negligence of this issue by decision-makers. The WHO notes that one person dies every 30 seconds from a hepatitis-related disease, even though prevention, screening, and treatment tools are available.
Global Goals for 2030
The World Health Organization aims to eliminate hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030, with the following goals:
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Reduce new infections of Hepatitis B and C by 90%.
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Reduce deaths related to hepatitis by 65%.
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Diagnose 90% of those infected.
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Treat 80% of those eligible for treatment.
The Role of Society in Reducing Hepatitis Risks
In his statement on World Hepatitis Day, Charles Gore, Executive Director of the Global Hepatitis Alliance, emphasized that the community can no longer wait. He said, "There are 300 million people living with chronic hepatitis without knowing it. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment are available, but political will is lacking." He also pointed out that 36 countries in Africa fail to provide Hepatitis B vaccination at birth, despite its proven effectiveness. He criticized the low government interest in purchasing affordable medications.
Gore praised Egypt’s successful fight against Hepatitis C as a global model, where the country combined widespread screening and free treatment, leading to a significant reduction in infection rates.
Does Hepatitis Affect Children?
Yes, children can suffer from hepatitis. It is crucial for children to receive early care, not just after birth but at all stages. The WHO, in partnership with UNICEF, has invested in hepatitis vaccination at birth, which represents a glimmer of hope for protecting future generations.
Call to Action
On this day, global organizations call for collective efforts to educate, screen, treat, and provide psychosocial support for those affected. Eliminating hepatitis is not just a dream but a realistic goal that can be achieved with commitment and action.
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