Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one of the topics that causes the most concern for mothers during pregnancy, especially with the spread of conflicting information online. Understanding the relationship between pregnancy and autism requires relying on scientific research conducted in major medical centers around the world. These studies help provide a clearer and more accurate picture, free from exaggeration or misinformation.
Is Autism Caused by One Factor?
It is important to understand that autism is not a simple condition with a single direct cause. It is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, with genetics playing the largest role.
A major study conducted at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden in 2017 found that genetic factors account for approximately 70% to 80% of autism cases. This means that most of the risk is linked to inherited traits rather than only what happens during pregnancy. This finding helps reduce the sense of guilt some mothers may feel.
Factors Studied During Pregnancy
Research shows that some conditions may slightly increase the likelihood of autism when there is already a genetic predisposition, but they are not direct causes.
1. Gestational Diabetes and High Blood Pressure
A large study from Harvard University found a slight statistical association between these conditions and autism. However, this does not mean they directly cause autism—only that they may slightly increase the risk.
2. Maternal Depression or Illness
A 2025 study published by Nature Publishing Group, analyzing over one million pregnancies, found no strong evidence that maternal illnesses such as infections or depression directly cause autism. These links may instead be due to shared genetic or lifestyle factors.
3. Use of Certain Medications
Research from Johns Hopkins University suggested that excessive use of some medications during pregnancy might be linked to a small increase in risk. However, this is not a confirmed causal relationship, and stopping necessary medication without medical advice can be more dangerous.
4. Thyroid Disorders
Studies from the American Endocrine Society indicate that untreated thyroid disorders in the mother may increase the risk of developmental issues, including autism, because thyroid hormones are essential for early brain development.
5. Maternal Immune System
Research from the University of California explored the idea that certain immune responses in the mother may affect fetal brain development. This theory is still under investigation but highlights the complexity of autism.
6. Air Pollution
Studies conducted in countries like Canada and Denmark suggest that high exposure to air pollution during pregnancy may be associated with a higher risk of autism. However, these findings are not definitive and depend on many other factors.
7. Psychological Stress
Research from Deakin University in Australia found that severe, chronic stress during pregnancy may influence certain hormones. However, stress alone does not cause autism and is only considered a contributing factor among many.
Can Autism Be Prevented During Pregnancy?
Based on current research, autism cannot be completely prevented during pregnancy because it results from a complex interaction between genetics and environmental factors. However, mothers can reduce certain risks by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Important Tips for a Healthy Pregnancy
Attend regular medical check-ups throughout pregnancy
Maintain a balanced diet rich in essential nutrients such as folic acid, iron, and iodine
Avoid exposure to harmful substances like smoking, pollution, and harsh chemicals
Take medications only under medical supervision
Manage stress through rest, emotional support, and relaxation techniques
Maintain overall health by managing weight and treating chronic conditions
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