One of the major health problems affecting the kidneys is salt accumulation, which can lead to kidney stones. These form when certain substances harden into clumps, such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid, often due to insufficient fluid intake.
Kidney stones are relatively common. According to data, about 1 in 10 people will develop a kidney stone in their lifetime, and in the United States alone, over 500,000 emergency visits each year are linked to this problem.
Prepared by: Iman Mohamed
Why Do Kidney Stones Form?
There are several causes of kidney stones, according to the National Kidney Foundation:
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A diet high in salt, sugar, and animal protein.
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Inadequate water intake.
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Genetic predisposition.
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Certain diseases, such as diabetes, hyperparathyroidism, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, or a history of bariatric surgery.
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Recurrent urinary tract infections.
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Gout and elevated uric acid levels.
Symptoms of Kidney Stones
According to Cleveland Clinic, some kidney stones may not cause symptoms. However, when the crystals move into the ureter, the patient may experience:
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Renal colic: Sharp pain starting in the lower back and radiating to the abdomen.
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Intermittent abdominal pain.
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Nausea and vomiting.
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Heartburn.
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Frequent urination.
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Sudden changes in urine color and possibly odor.
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Fever and chills.
Diagnosing Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are diagnosed through urine and blood tests, which check kidney function, calcium, and uric acid levels. Doctors may also request a CT scan, which is more accurate for determining the location and size of the stone. Ultrasound can be used for follow-up or in specific cases.
After confirming the presence of stones and controlling initial pain, additional tests may be requested to identify the type of stone and determine the appropriate treatment and preventive measures.
Treatment of Kidney Stones
Experts note that around 80% of small stones (less than 4 mm) can pass naturally within one to two weeks.
Initial treatment typically involves:
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Drinking plenty of water.
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Pain relievers and medications to relax the ureter, helping the stone pass.
All under medical supervision, especially for patients with chronic conditions.
If the stone is large or causes blockage or infection, treatment may include:
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Shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).
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Ureteroscopy (URS).
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Surgical removal using advanced techniques.
Can Stones Come Back?
Yes. Kidney stones often recur, so it’s important to follow a personalized preventive plan:
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Urinate 2–2.5 liters daily.
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Drink enough water throughout the day.
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Reduce sodium and sugar intake.
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Limit animal protein.
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Moderate foods that increase stone risk, such as chocolate.
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Obtain calcium from food rather than supplements.
Prevention of Kidney Stones
Whether you’ve had kidney stones before or not, preventive measures include:
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Drink enough clean water (monitor urine color: light color indicates adequate hydration).
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Reduce salt and sugar intake (sodium increases urinary calcium; fructose increases stone risk).
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Moderate animal protein intake, especially to prevent uric acid stones; prefer white meat.
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Maintain a healthy weight and stable blood pressure.
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Regular check-ups to prevent recurrence.
When to Go to the Emergency Room
While kidney stones are common, some cases can be serious. Seek urgent medical care if you experience:
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Severe, unbearable pain.
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Fever and chills.
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Persistent vomiting.
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Inability to urinate.
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Signs of infection.
Obstruction combined with infection can threaten the kidneys and requires immediate intervention and treatment.
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